There was a time when activists and reporters in Cuba had to speak in code or meet in European embassies to avoid government observation.
曾经有一段时间，古巴的活动人士和记者不得不用暗号说话或在欧洲大使馆会面，以避免政府观察。
Now, the internet and encrypted messaging services offers some assistance. But as technology has made private communicating easier, Havana has found ways to interfere with, or block, messages.
现在，互联网和加密消息服务提供了一些帮助。但随着技术使私人交流变得更加容易，哈瓦那找到了干扰或阻止消息的方法。
Cuba’s independent reporters take care to protect their phones so they do not go into the hands of officials. If government agents seize an individual’s phone, they will search through its data for evidence of wrongdoing.
古巴的独立记者小心翼翼地保护自己的手机，以免落入官员手中。如果政府特工没收了某人的手机，他们将通过其数据搜索不当行为的证据。
The Cuban Institute for Freedom of Expression and Press, or ICLEP, says it documented at least 210 incidents of internet restriction cases in the country in 2023.
古巴言论和新闻自由研究所 (ICLEP) 表示，2023 年该国至少记录了 210 起互联网限制案件。
Those restrictions can include cutting internet access , blocking social media sites, or hacking the accounts of reporters or the media websites they work for, the ICLEP report found.
ICLEP 报告发现，这些限制可能包括切断互联网接入、屏蔽社交媒体网站或入侵记者或其工作的媒体网站的账户。
Normando Hernandez is founder and director general of Miami, Florida-based ICLEP. He said the government tries to “silence independent journalists."
Normando Hernandez 是总部位于佛罗里达州迈阿密的 ICLEP 的创始人兼总干事。他说政府试图“让独立记者保持沉默”。
"It is historically well known that the Cuban state listens and spies on all the conversations it wants to," Hernandez said. "Cubans have no way to defend themselves against any breach of their rights."
埃尔南德斯说：“历史上众所周知，古巴政府会监听和监视它想要监听的所有对话。” “古巴人没有办法保护自己免受任何侵犯其权利的行为。”
Reporter Henry Constantin says his internet was cut suddenly after La Hora de Cuba, the media site for which he works, began criticizing the Cuban government.
记者亨利·康斯坦丁 (Henry Constantin) 表示，在他工作的媒体网站 La Hora de Cuba 开始批评古巴政府后，他的互联网突然被切断。
La Hora de Cuba is published on Facebook and Instagram. Its team of 15 reporters has an audience of between 46,000 and 48,000 on social media.
La Hora de Cuba 发布在 Facebook 和 Instagram 上。其 15 名记者团队在社交媒体上拥有 46,000 至 48,000 名观众。
Constantin says disconnecting journalists’ telephone lines or internet access is designed to limit free speech. Hernandez said the government controls all access to digital expression.
康斯坦丁表示，切断记者的电话线或互联网接入是为了限制言论自由。埃尔南德斯表示，政府控制所有数字表达的访问。
Havana controls the Cuban telecommunications company ETECSA, which controls all digital communications on the island.
哈瓦那控制着古巴电信公司 ETECSA，该公司控制着岛上所有的数字通信。
Access to the network for users represents both a threat to Havana and an instrument of control for officials. But with that control, said Hernandez, officials can easily "cut communication in general at historically important moments … or when something is happening in the island of interest to Cuban society."
用户访问网络既是对哈瓦那的威胁，也是官员的控制工具。但埃尔南德斯说，有了这种控制，官员们就可以轻松地“在历史上的重要时刻……或者当古巴社会感兴趣的岛上发生某些事情时，切断一般的沟通。”
That appears to be the case with Constantin.
康斯坦丁的情况似乎就是如此。
In 2021, he was detained for 10 days for public disorder after reporting on demonstrations against the government over food shortages and medicinal problems.
2021年，他在报道了因食品短缺和药品问题而发生的反对政府示威活动后，因扰乱公共秩序而被拘留10天。
ICLEP has documented digital harassment since 2016.
自 2016 年以来，ICLEP 就记录了数字骚扰事件。
In 2021, the activity was especially strong. ICLEP documented 1,129 violations of freedom of expression that year. During that year, protests against the Cuban government and Communist Party were the biggest since the 1959 revolution.
2021年，活动尤其强劲。 ICLEP 当年记录了 1,129 起侵犯言论自由的事件。那一年，针对古巴政府和共产党的抗议活动是1959年革命以来最大规模的。
Prisoners Defenders International is a Spain-based human rights group. It said Cuba’s government has been spying on reporters and activists for many years. Javier Larrondo is president of Prisoners Defenders. He said the government monitors text messages for “sensitive words.”
囚犯捍卫者国际组织是一个总部位于西班牙的人权组织。据称，古巴政府多年来一直在监视记者和活动人士。哈维尔·拉隆多 (Javier Larrondo) 是囚犯捍卫者组织的主席。他说，政府会监控短信中的“敏感词”。
Using encrypted services like WhatsApp or Telegram is not always enough. When reporters or opposition activists are arrested, their phones are always seized and the memory inspected by experts.
使用 WhatsApp 或 Telegram 等加密服务并不总是足够的。当记者或反对派活动人士被捕时，他们的手机总是会被没收，并由专家检查内存。
"As such, it is essential never to go out with a mobile phone but to leave it at home, hidden." Or to go out with a second phone without memory, he said.
“因此，永远不要携带手机外出，而是将其藏在家里。”或者带着第二部没有记忆的手机出去，他说。